Gillnet modifications to reduce bycatch (PEARLNET_OP)

Background and Objective

Gillnets are one of most commonly used passive fishing gears worldwide. They have little to no sea bottom impact, are very size selective and are fuel-efficient due to their passive operating principle. Gillnets are made of a sheet of thin nylon netting with a light line on top (floatline) and a heavy line on the bottom (leadline). The nets stand like walls in the water column and fish should entangle in the netting.

Gillnets have been heavily criticized due to bycatch of marine mammals and other flagship species like diving seabirds, sharks and turtles. Globally, thousands of small cetaceans die annually in gillnets. In the Baltic Sea, the harbor porpoise is also affected by bycatch in gillnet fisheries.

Harbor porpoises echolocate to orientate themselves under water. This means, they emit acoustic signals (“clicks”) and perceive their surroundings via the echoes of these signals. Harbor porpoises are able to “see” the easily detectable floatline of gillnets, but do not appear to classify the netting as an impenetrable object. As a consequence they sometimes entangle and drown.

One way to reduce harbor porpoise bycatch could be to increase the acoustic detectability of the netting. This way, harbor porpoises could perceive the netting as a barrier and swim over or along the netting. Within the project STELLA, such a method to modify gillnets and make them acoustically visible was developed (Kratzer et al, 2020). Gillnets equipped with small (8 mm diameter) acrylic glass spheres (“pearl nets”) are highly acoustically visible. The spheres resonate at the echolocation frequency of the harbor porpoise and have thus a strong echo for their size.

A prerequisite for the acoustically visible gillnet to successfully reduce bycatch is that the animals are actively echolocating (i.e. emitting their acoustic signals) in the direction of the net. This is necessary, as the acoustic field of view of harbor porpoises is very narrow, similarly to the light beam of a flashlight. There are indications that porpoises sometimes do not echolocate or echolocate in the wrong direction during the pursuit of bottom-dwelling prey. This means that a signal is needed to “wake-up” the porpoise and alert it to the hazard. Such a signal is emitted by PALs (PorpoiseALert). The use of PALs reduces the probability of bycatch by 70% (Chladek et al, 2020).

Combining both an active device such as PAL and an increased acoustic reflectivity could further reduce bycatch of harbor porpoises and contribute to the sustainability of gillnet fisheries.

Within the project PEARLNET_OP, we will carry out an experiment with the aim to understand the reactions of harbor porpoises to acoustically visible nets and the combination of acoustically visible nets and PALs. Following the quantification of the behavioral reactions a trial in the commercial fishery could be carried out.

Target Group

nature conservation, fisheries

Approach

In this experiment, the reaction of harbor porpoises to different types of gillnets will be investigated. To this end, the gillnet are set close to the coast and the reactions and swimming tracks of the porpoises are observed. The observation is carried out visually as well as with the aid of underwater acoustics (hydroacoustics).

To carry out such a behavior experiment and observe the porpoises successfully, the field site must meet the following requirements:

• Frequent, if not daily, occurrence of harbor porpoises
• High point of view from which the porpoises can be observed (e.g. a cliff near shore)
• Area is protected from wind and waves so that a prolonged observation time can be achieved

These criteria are met in Bursklint located close to Aarhus in Denmark. Within PEARLNET_OP, the field trials will be carried out there in early summer 2021.

The trials will comprise the following treatments:

• No net (control)
• Standard gillnet
• Pearl net
• Pearl net + PAL
• Standard gillnet+ PAL
• PAL

Data and Methods

Monitoring surfacing behavior of harbor porpoises using a theodolite is a wide spread method in marine mammal research. Theodolite are devices used in surveying technology. When a porpoise is surfacing to breathe, the position of the surfacing point is registered with the theodolite. As porpoise surface frequently within close distances, it is possible to track the swimming path of the porpoise.

A lot information can be gathered under water. For instances, changes in echolocation behavior and the position of the porpoise relative to the gillnet during diving can only be grasped if observation takes place in the water.

In PEARLNET_OP, two observation methods will be used. Firstly, the presence/absence of porpoises will be monitored using CPODs („Cetacean POrpoise Detectors“). CPODs are hydrophones that register the clicks of porpoises. From the registered signals it is possible to derive information regarding presence/absence as well as changes in click behavior, e.g. when they encounter the gillnet..

In addition to the CPODs there will be several hydrophone arrays installed close the the gillnets. Each array consist of four hydrophones that arranged in a certain way. When a porpoise echoloates towards the hydrophone arrays it is possible to derive the direction from which the animal is approaching (“triangulation”). This way, the underwater swimming path can be evaluated. Furthermore, the acoustic data will show whether porpoises echolocate more or less frequently when encountering acoustically visible nets with and without an alerting device.

Our Research Questions

• How does the behavior of harbor porpoises change when encountering an acoustically visible gillnet?
• How does the behavior of harbor porpoises change when encountering an acoustically visible gillnet and additionally an alerting sound in the water?