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Project
How accessible are basic services in different regions?
Analysis of the regional accessibility of selected basic services
Currently basic services are concentrated in cities and agglomerations. But does this mean that an under-supply exists in practice?
Background and Objective
Basic services fulfill people’s daily needs and have implications for their living conditions. Generally it is assumed that the living conditions of people residing in rural regions are deteriorating. This is due to out-migration, demographic change and the global dynamic economic growth that are influencing each other. It is suspected that the concentration of basic services in cities and agglomerations will cause an under-supply in rural areas. Against this background the project analyses the accessibility of selected basic services near the place of residence in Germany. This is amongst others done differentiated according to different region types based on a GIS accessibility analysis below the level of communities.
Approach
To assess the accessibility of services of general interest, a GIS-based accessibility model (Thünen Accessibility Model) was developed that enables nationwide modelling of travel times in Germany for the transport modes car, cycling, walking, and public transport, including walking to and from stops.
A so-called grid-based approach is applied, in which Germany is overlaid with an INSPIRE-compliant analysis grid with a spatial resolution of 250 m × 250 m. In order to relate accessibility to the population, this analysis grid was additionally enriched with population data from the 2022 Census. The grid cell centroids serve as origins, the locations of the infrastructures under investigation as destinations.
Accessibility for car, cycling, and walking is calculated using the Open Source Routing Machine (https://project-osrm.org/), which utilizes the transport network and speed profiles from OpenStreetMap for the respective transport modes.
For public (local) transport, multimodal accessibility (walking + public transport) is calculated using r5r (https://github.com/ipeaGIT/r5r), an R interface to the R5 routing engine developed by Conveyal (https://github.com/conveyal/r5). Timetables and routes of the entire German public transport system are derived from GTFS files. While relatively simple, continuous cost functions (e.g. travel time, distance, or average speeds for route segments) are generally sufficient for individual transport, routing in public transport is determined by a wide range of discrete and time-dependent factors - such as transfer times, number of transfers, maximum travel times, and departure time. Even small changes in the assumptions regarding these parameters can therefore lead to substantially different results. Public transport accessibility modelling is thus inherently more model-based than that for individual transport and yields indicative results, i.e. it reveals general patterns and differences but only approximates the real complexity of the system.
For computational optimisation (reduction of computation time), a k-nearest-neighbour analysis is carried out in advance for accessibility analyses in both individual and public transport. For each grid cell, the ten nearest locations per infrastructure type under consideration are identified based on Euclidean distance. Subsequently, travel times to these locations are calculated using the accessibility model, and the shortest travel time per transport mode is adopted as the accessibility value of the respective grid cell.
Preliminary Results
An overview of the infrastructures examined to date is provided by the Thünen Atlas (www.landatlas.de) in the “Accessibility” section. There, the results of our analyses to date can be viewed and, at the level of the 250 m × 250 m analysis grid, also downloaded as GeoTIFF data.
The results for the infrastructures examined so far are similar. In rural areas, longer travel distances are generally required, particularly in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and northeastern Saxony-Anhalt. Nevertheless, in rural as well as non-rural areas, the majority of the population can reach these facilities within a maximum driving time of 15 minutes by car.
Walking access within a maximum of 15 minutes is, with few exceptions, limited to cities and densely populated areas. Overall, the analysis shows that accessibility largely depends on individual mobility, regardless of place of residence. If a car is available, essential infrastructure is generally reachable within an acceptable travel time almost everywhere. By contrast, on foot, many facilities are de facto inaccessible, especially in rural areas.
Travel times using public transport are generally longer than by car, due to the time required to reach stops and waiting times – where a service is available.
Thünen-Contact
Duration
1.2012 - 12.2026
More Information
Project status:
ongoing
Publications to the project
- 0
Neumeier S (2024) Erreichbarkeit ambulanter und teilstationärer Pflege: Wie erreichbar sind ambulante Pflegedienste und Tagespflegeeinrichtungen in Deutschland? In: Wendt WR, Faulde J (eds) Wohlfahrtspflege im ländlichen Raum: Herausforderungen für Sozialpolitik und Soziale Arbeit. 1. Auflage. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp 255-274, DOI:10.5771/9783748917625-255
- 1
Neumeier S, Osigus T (2024) Germany's public EV charging points: Analysing the 2023 state of expansion. Geogr J 190(3):e12570, DOI:10.1111/geoj.12570
- 2
Neumeier S (2024) Pediatric care proximity in Germany: A comparative study of regional accessibility. KN J Cartogr Geogr Inf 74(3-4):185-204, DOI:10.1007/s42489-024-00175-9
- 3
Neumeier S (2022) Accessibility of COVID-19 vaccination centers in Germany via different means of transport. KN J Cartogr Geogr Inf 72:41-58, DOI:10.1007/s42489-021-00088-x
- 4
Neumeier S (2022) Die verkehrliche Erreichbarkeit der COVID-19 Impfzentren in Deutschland. Arbeitskreis Med Geogr Und Geogr Gesundheitsfor Deutschen Gesell Geogr(1/2022)
- 5
Neumeier S, Kokorsch M (2021) Supermarket and discounter accessibility in rural Germany - identifying food deserts using a GIS accessibility model. J Rural Studies 86:247-261, DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.013
- 6
Herget M, Neumeier S, Osigus T (eds) (2020) Mobilität - Erreichbarkeit - Ländliche Räume ... und die Frage nach der Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse : Wissenschaftliche Konferenz, 17.-18. März 2020, Braunschweig ; Tagungsband MobilEr 2020. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 140 p
- 7
Neumeier S (2019) Erreichbarkeit durch die Polizei : Kennzahlen und Karten basierend auf einer kleinräumigen, flächendeckenden GIS-Erreichbarkeitsanalyse. Crisis Prevention(4):54-58
- 8
Neumeier S (2019) Erreichbarkeit von Kindergärten in Deutschland - Kennzahlen und Karten. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 45 p, Thünen Working Paper 117, DOI:10.3220/WP1546589028000
- 9
Neumeier S (2018) Erreichbarkeit durch die Polizei - Kennzahlen und Karten für Deutschland, basierend auf einer kleinräumigen, flächendeckenden GIS-Erreichbarkeitsanalyse. Kartogr Nachr 68(4):192-201
- 10
Neumeier S (2018) Erreichbarkeit von Regelschulen in Deutschland: eine Betrachtung des ersten Bildungswegs nach Primarstufe, Sekundarstufe 1 und Sekundarstufe 2. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 87 p, Thünen Working Paper 113, DOI:10.3220/WP1544175754000
- 11
Neumeier S (2018) Haus- und Facharzterreichbarkeit in Deutschland : regionalisierte Betrachtung auf Basis einer GIS-Erreichbarkeitsanalyse. Forum Wohnen Stadtentwickl(1):39-44
- 12
Neumeier S (2017) Erreichbarkeit von Hausärzten in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Ber Geogr Landeskunde 91(4):307-328
- 13
Neumeier S (2017) Haus- und Facharzterreichbarkeit in Deutschland : regionalisierte Betrachtung auf Basis einer GIS-Erreichbarkeitsanalyse. Raumplanung 192(4):30-37
- 14
Neumeier S (2017) Regionale Erreichbarkeit von ausgewählten Fachärzten, Apotheken, ambulanten Pflegediensten und weiteren ausgewählten Medizindienstleistungen in Deutschland - Abschätzung auf Basis des Thünen-Erreichbarkeitsmodells. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 157 p, Thünen Working Paper 77, DOI:10.3220/WP1503653790000
- 15
Neumeier S (2017) Why can street petrol station shops not be an alternative to a missing local food supplier? : Contribution to the German discourse on 'Daseinsvorsorge'. In: Heindl A-B, Steinführer A, Fick J, Breeck I, Kohring J, Küpper P, Neumeier S (eds) "New rural geographies in Europe: actors, processes, policies" : European Rural Geographies Conference ; June 14-17, 2017 ; Braunschweig, Germany ; Book of Abstracts. Braunschweig: Thünen-Institut, pp 89-90
- 16
Neumeier S (2016) Accessibility to services in rural areas : the example for petrol service provision in Germany. DISP Planning Rev 52(3):32-49, DOI:10.1080/02513625.2016.1235877
- 17
Neumeier S (2016) Regional distribution of ambulant nursing services in Germany : a GIS accessibility analysis. Raumforsch Raumordn Spat Res Plann 74(4):339-359, DOI:10.1007/s13147-016-0409-4
- 18
Neumeier S (2015) Lokale Verteilung Ambulanter Pflegedienste nach SGB XI in Deutschland auf Basis eines rasterbasierten GIS-Erreichbarkeitsmodells. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 81 p, Thünen Working Paper 47, DOI:10.3220/WP1443169744000
- 19
Neumeier S (2015) Regional accessibility of supermarkets and discounters in Germany - a quantitative assessment -. Landbauforsch Appl Agric Forestry Res 65(1):29-46, DOI:10.3220/LBF1439880683000
- 20
Neumeier S (2015) Street petrol station shops as an alternative to missing local food suppliers – Contribution to the German discourse on ‘Daseinsvorsorge’: A German view. Appl Geogr 60:150-164, DOI:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.03.003
- 21
Neumeier S (2014) Accessibility to public pharmacies in Germany. Dortmunder Beitr Raumplanung 143:155-173
- 22
Neumeier S (2014) Modellierung der Erreichbarkeit von Supermärkten und Discountern : Untersuchung zum regionalen Versorgungsgrad mit Dienstleistungen der Grundversorgung. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 98 p, Thünen Working Paper 16, DOI:10.3220/WP_16_2014
https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/bitv/dn053577.pdf
- 23
Neumeier S (2014) Open source in accessibility analyses : Modeling of street petrol station accessibility in Germany [online]. OSGeo J 13:90-114, zu finden in <http://svn.osgeo.org/osgeo/journal/volume_13/pdf/OSGeoJournal_vol13.pdf> [zitiert am 09.04.2014]
- 24
Neumeier S (2013) Modellierung der Erreichbarkeit öffentlicher Apotheken : Untersuchung zum regionalen Versorgungsgrad mit Dienstleistungen der Grundversorgung. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 66 p, Thünen Working Paper 14, DOI:10.3220/WP_14_2013
https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/bitv/dn052778.pdf
- 25
Neumeier S (2012) Modellierung der Erreichbarkeit von Straßentankstellen : Untersuchung zum regionalen Versorgungsgrad mit Dienstleistungen der Grundversorgung. Braunschweig; Hamburg: vTI, 90 p, Arbeitsber vTI Agrarökonomie 2012/09
https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/bitv/dn052039.pdf
